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Partial Fraction Decomposition

Partial fraction decomposition splits a complex rational expression into a sum of simpler fractions. Learn what it does, the steps to perform it, and why it is useful for integration.

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The idea

Many rational expressions are hard to work with as a single fraction. Decomposition reverses the process of adding fractions — breaking one fraction back into parts whose denominators are the factors of the original.

The method

Factor the denominator fully, write the sum with unknown constants, multiply through to clear denominators, then match coefficients or plug in values to solve for those constants.

Frequently asked questions

1

What is partial fraction decomposition?

It rewrites a complex rational expression as a sum of simpler fractions. This makes integration and other operations easier, because each piece is straightforward on its own.

2

What are the steps?

Factor the denominator, set the expression equal to a sum of unknown constants over each factor, multiply through to clear fractions, then solve for the constants.

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